The Principality of Monaco is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, headed by His Serene Highness the Sovereign Prince. This form of government guarantees stability and continuity, making Monaco one of the most secure and reliable states in Europe.
The throne is inherited by a direct and legitimate descendant according to the right of primogeniture, with male heirs having priority. In the absence of a legitimate heir, the throne may pass to an adopted son.
The Crown Prince may assume his duties only after reaching the age of 21. If the heir is underage, a Regent ensures the uninterrupted functioning of the monarchy.
Legislative Power
The Principality’s institutions are defined by the Constitution of 17 December 1962, which enshrines the separation of powers. Legislative power is shared between the Prince, who may propose laws, and the National Council, which debates and adopts them.
The National Council is composed of 24 elected members serving five-year terms. It is responsible for enacting laws, approving the state budget, and ratifying international agreements. Constitutional amendments require a two-thirds majority, reflecting Monaco’s high standards of political consensus.
The National Council may be dissolved by the Prince with the consent of the Government Council, but new elections must follow immediately.
Executive Power
Executive power is vested in the Sovereign Prince, who proposes legislation, represents Monaco in international relations, and holds the right to grant pardons, amnesties, distinctions, and Monegasque citizenship.
In practice, executive functions are carried out by the Government Council, led by the Minister of State. By tradition and under historic agreements with France, this role is held by a French national, nominated by the President of France and appointed by the Prince.
The Prince appoints the Minister of State from three candidates proposed by the French President, as well as other senior officials: the Counsellor for Internal Affairs, the Counsellor for Social Affairs and Employment, and the Counsellor for Finance. This structure ensures effective governance and a strong partnership with France.
Judicial Power
Judicial power is vested in the Prince, who entrusts its exercise to independent courts and the Supreme Court of Monaco. The Department of Judicial Services fulfils the functions of a Ministry of Justice.
Judges are fully independent, and the Supreme Court safeguards constitutional principles, resolves administrative disputes, and ensures that justice in Monaco is impartial and transparent.
The court system includes Justices of the Peace, Courts of First Instance, Courts of Appeal, and a Court of Cassation. At the top stands the Supreme Court, composed of eminent jurists appointed by the Prince, which guarantees the protection of rights and the rule of law.
Advisory and Governing Bodies
The Municipal Council, with 15 elected members, manages urban planning, public works, and the preservation of Monaco’s cultural traditions — essential to the Principality’s unique identity.
Composed of seven Monegasque nationals, the Crown Council serves as an advisory body to the Prince on key issues such as international treaties and applications for naturalization. Its role is to safeguard Monaco’s sovereignty and preserve the Principality’s long-term interests.
The Council of State, composed of 12 distinguished experts appointed by the Prince, serves as a consultative authority. It reviews draft legislation and regulations, offering the Sovereign high-level legal and institutional expertise.
The Economic Council brings together representatives of government, employers, and workers. Its mission is to foster dialogue on key economic matters and contribute to the Principality’s balanced economic development.
The National Council is responsible for passing laws and approving the budget. Sessions are public, held at least twice a year, and published in the Official Journal — a reflection of Monaco’s commitment to transparency.
